Pan-Asian adapted ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with biliary tract cancer.

8 , 9 , 10 , 11 A recent, long-term, national survey revealed a trend towards a decrease in the numbers and prevalence of hepatolithiasis in Japan, 17 while a Korean single institute-based study showed a trend towards a decline in the prevalence of hepatolithiasis (from 15.0% to 6.3%) and common bile duct stones (from 30.2% to 5.0%) between the periods of 1986-1990 and 2006-2010. 8 HBV infection is prevalent in Asia but, with the implementation of nationwide HBV vaccination programmes for all newborns in

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