How did the diversity of woody plants in urban forests vary with the urban-rural gradient in Qingdao, China?

Among them, six species showed a trend of increasing all the time, namely Yulania denudata (△ 1992-2006 = 0.024, △ 2007-2020 = 0.155), Pinus densiflora (△ 1992-2006 = 0.216, △ 2007-2020 = 0.436), S.babylonica (△ 1992-2006 = 0.776, △ 2007-2020 = 0.334), P.orientalis (△ 1992-2006 = 1.168, △ 2007-2020 = 0.7935), Pinus tabuliformis (△ 1992-2006 = 0.198, △ 2007-2020 = 0.115), and P.cerasifera 'Atropurpurea' (△ 1992-2006 = 0.251, △ 2007-2020 = 2.260).

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Seven shrub species were consistently present over time and showed a decreasing trend, such as Pittosporum tobira (△ 1992-2006 = −0.361, △ 2007-2020 = −0.330), Hibiscus syriacus (△ 1992-2006 = −0.771, △ 2007-2020 = −0.146), Osmanthus fragrans 'Semperflorens' (△ 1992-2006 = −1.180, △ 2007-2020 = −0.011), Photinia serratifolia (△ 1992-2006 = −0.397, △ 2007-2020 = −0.846), Berberis thu

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Typically, P > 0.05 indicates that the difference is not significant, 0.01 < P < 0.05 indicates that the difference is significant, and P < 0.01 indicates that the difference is highly significant.

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