Projections of winter polynyas and their biophysical impacts in the Ross Sea Antarctica.

3.1 , imply that it is likely there may be significant biogeophysical climate implications in the decadal means as the conditions from polynya or non-polynya events accumulate over a winter season.

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AABW production and water properties experience long term variability that may make a significant trend difficult to discern.

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The projected changes in the large scale circulation in CESM2-LE result in a positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index (Supplementary Figure 17), which would then lead to a southward shift of the westerlies that ring the continent.

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