Effects of multisession prefrontal cortex tDCS or taVNS on stress, perceived stress and sleep quality: a double-blind, randomized controlled study.

Similarly, the delta comparison between T2 and T1 showed a trend toward further stress reduction in the active taVNS group compared to the sham taVNS group, although not statistically significant. 3.5 taVNS intervention on PSS-10 Results from the PSS-10 questionnaire ( Figure 4B ) indicated a notable improvement in perceived stress levels from T1 to T2 in the active taVNS group ( F 5,119 = 6.273, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.26), indicating a gradual reduction in stress perception over time.

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