Platycodin D and voluntary running synergistically ameliorate memory deficits in 5 × FAD mice via mediating neuromodulation and neuroinflammation.

Compared to vehicle-treated 5 × FAD mice, PD-treated mice showed a trend toward decreased body weight ( Supplementary Figure 1B ).

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The TgR-PD group exhibited a decreasing trend in Aβ 1–42 levels compared to the other two single interventions. 3.3 PD and voluntary exercise modulated neuroinflammation in 5 × FAD mice Hyperactivated microglia and astrocytes, marked by Iba1 and GFAP, respectively, were remarkably upregulated in the hippocampus ( Figures 3A–C ) and perirhinal cortex ( Figure 3D–F ) of sedentary 5 × FAD mice compared to CT mice.

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