Loss of HIV candidate vaccine efficacy in male macaques by mucosal nanoparticle immunization rescued by V2-specific response.

In animals immunized with V2-TTB NPs carrying V2, the otherwise deleterious effects of the nanoparticle platform inhibiting immune responses and favoring infection were likely counteracted by the increased mucosal and systemic immune responses to V2 (such as increased antibody avidity, V2-specific ADCC, and mucosal B cells secreting IgG and IgA against envelope protein) induced by the V2-TTB NP prime-boost, thereby rescuing vaccine efficacy with a strong trend emerging toward significant protection ( p = 0.053).

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