Global, regional, and national temporal trends in mortality and disability-adjusted life years for cardiovascular disease attributable to low temperature during 1990-2019: an age-period-cohort analysis of the global burden of disease 2019 study.

A decreasing trend was found in all of the areas except East Asia and the Pacific, with the fastest decreases occurring in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean (net decreases of 16.5 and 13.8%, respectively).

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An increasing trend of local drifts across different ages was found in the East Asia and Pacific and Sub-Saharan Africa regions, and a “U-shaped” trend was observed in the Latin America and Caribbean and Middle East and North American regions.

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In addition, there was an unfavorable trend in the period effect of hypertensive heart disease due to cold temperatures in North America.

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