Nicotine-induced CHRNA5 activation modulates CES1 expression, impacting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma recurrence and metastasis via MEK/ERK pathway.

Additionally, the expression level of CES1 significantly decreased after CHRNA5 knockdown ( p < 0.05), and nicotine showed a trend towards reversing the reduction in CES1 in the SH group, although the effect was not significant (Fig. 9G, H ). qRT-PCR validation of CES1 transcription levels in the NC and SH groups showed that CES1 mRNA expression levels significantly decreased with the knockdown of CHRNA5 ( p < 0.001), consistent with the protein expression trend (Fig. 9I ).

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