Human papillomavirus infection affects the immune microenvironment and antigen presentation in penile cancer.

There was also no significant difference in the ability to induce lymphoproliferation between patient groups; however, the data showed a trend towards reduction in cells obtained from hrHPV-positive patients compared to HPV-negative patients (Proliferation Index respectively: 1.33 ± 0.07; 1.80 ± 0.21, p=0.1668) ( Figure 2C ).

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