Histamine and Th2 cytokines independently and synergistically upregulate MMP12 expression in human M2 macrophages.

In addition previous data obtained by flow cytometry showed that the presence of histamine and various histamine receptor agonists affects the expression of the differentiation marker CD68 and the M2 macrophage marker CD163 in a partially significant but only very moderate and non-synergistic manner ( 29 ).

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The combination of histamine with either IL-4 ( Figures 2C, F ) or IL-13 ( Figures 2D, G ) showed a trend towards upregulation of MMP12 mRNA expression only after 24 h.

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