a clear trendp < 0.088
However, there was a clear trend (p < 0.088) in the increase in total VFA content from 52.07 (control) to 56.78 mM and 69.44 mM in protein concentrate supplementation (extracted with distilled water) at 0.5% (IFW05) and 1.0% (IFW1) rations, respectively.