The long-term effect of biochar application to <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L. reduces fibrous and pioneer root production and increases their turnover rate in the upper soil layers.

Among the analyzed soil nutrients, only soil C org , as well as Ca av and Mg av even if only marginally significant, were higher with a single dose of biochar, highlighting their important role in grapevine fruit production ( Zlámalová et al., 2015 ), and suggesting the importance of biochar addition to counteract calcium and magnesium deficiency, even at the long-term.

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