Electromagnetic wave effects on Mn-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanofluids: applications in enhanced oil recovery.

4 revealed a clear trend of increasing average particle size and agglomeration, where nanoparticles were clustered together, as the Mn doping concentration increased.

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For the 0.01 wt% nanofluid, the IFT displayed a decreasing trend as the surfactant concentration increased, showing a strong linear dependency ( R -squared = 0.85).

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