Gut microbiome metabolites, molecular mimicry, and species-level variation drive long-term efficacy and adverse event outcomes in lung cancer survivors.

PCoA plots by Bray–Curtis distance revealed a marginally significant difference in microorganism composition between the benefit and resistance groups (adonis P = 0.08) but no significant difference between the benefit group and the severe irAE group (adonis P = 0.91).

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We first used an NSCLC cohort for validation, 41 although it included various treatments not limited to immunotherapy, which showed significantly higher predicted propionate levels ( P = 0.03) and higher butyrate/isobutyrate ( P = 0.098) levels with marginal significance in responders ( Supplementary Fig.

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With respect to irAEs, abundances of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid were also lower in patients developing severe irAEs compared with those benefitting from ICIs, although this association did not reach statistical significance.

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