Two versus three to four cycles of neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in real-world practice.

For patients with a history of smoking, the median OS in the 3–4 cycles group was 27.9 months (95% CI: 19.4–36.3 months), whereas the 2 cycles group’s median OS was not reached, indicating a highly significant difference (P<0.001; Figure 6B ).

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Similarly, the rate of pathologic complete remission (pCR) was higher in the 3–4 cycles group at 14.3% compared to 7.7% in the 2 cycles group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P=0.07).

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