showed a trendp = 0.09
Patients with BMI of ≥ 30 showed a trend toward better improvements in Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score ( p = 0.09), EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) score ( p = 0.08), and 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) Physical Component Summary (PCS) score ( p = 0.08) in the MIS group.