Prevalence, demographic, socio-economic, and lifestyle factors associated with cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use: evidence from the 2017-2021 Scottish Health Survey.

The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation revealed a significant trend ( p < 0.001), with the most deprived category being overrepresented among cigarette smokers (30.9%) and dual users (33.6%).

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E-cigarette use showed an increasing trend with age up to 45–54 years, where it reached its peak prevalence of 7.3% (95% CI 6.1–8.7), then declined.

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