Manganese concentrations were associated with differentially methylated CpGs among infants overall and stratified by sex, most of which were nominally significant in childhood; all metals were associated with at least one differentially methylated region.
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Prenatal chemical exposures and the methylome: current evidence and opportunities for environmental epigenetics.
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Sex differences have primarily been studied in adult blood [ 14–18 ], with an overall trend toward greater methylation levels in female compared to male samples.