Testosterone and estradiol reduce inflammation of human macrophages induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG.

While macrophages from male donors showed a trend toward increased TNF production upon stimulation with either individual poly(I:C) stimulation, or co‐stimulation with anti‐spike IgG immune complexes, the inter‐donor differences were very large, and the differences were not statistically significant (Fig. 1D ).

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