Spatial adaptation patterns and coordinated development of water-energy-food complex system in the yellow river basin.

4 , the overall Gini coefficient of the WEF CS in the YRB showed a decreasing trend, from 0.123 in 2004 to 0.084 in 2020, with a decrease of 31.71%.

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From 2004 to 2020, except for Shaanxi and Henan, the development index of WEF CS in other seven provinces showed an increasing trend, and the average annual growth rate of Gansu’s development index was the highest, which was 6.77%.

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From the variation trend of intra-basin differences, the upstream, midstream and downstream all showed a trend of fluctuation decline (Fig. 5 ).

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