The brain structure underlying the nonlinear association between early-life tobacco smoke exposure and the risk for cognitive decline and dementia in adulthood: a large prospective cohort study.

Compared with nonsmokers, the HR (95% CI) for all-cause dementia events for those who started smoking before the age of 15 years, between 15 and 18 years, and at the age of 18 years or older was 1.33 (1.19–1.48), 1.15 (1.07–1.23), and 1.18 (1.10–1.27), respectively, showing a significant trend ( P -trend < 0.001).

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