Sorafenib enhanced the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma by facilitating PPARα-mediated fatty acid oxidation.

In the orthotopic tumors of WT mice, the inhibitory factors expressed by MDSCs, including PD-L1, CD73, Arg1, and IL-10, showed a clear trend of upregulation in the sorafenib-treated group, while TNF-α was significantly downregulated (Supplementary Fig. 3B).

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