E. Coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by causing oxidative stress, DNA damage and intestinal permeability alteration.

A more detailed analysis of the distribution of γH2AX foci highlighted a preferential increase of highly damaged cells (10 < γH2AX < 20 and > 20 foci/nucleus) 24 h after toxin exposure in IEC-6 cells and in HPCEC, although in the latter the results did not reach statistical significance (Supplementary Fig. 2 A).

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