a significant trendp < 0.0001
In males, the odds ratios (ORs) for hyperuricemia across increasing quintiles of retinol intake were 1.13 (95% CI: 0.81–1.58), 0.87 (95% CI: 0.62–1.22), 1.59 (95% CI: 1.17–2.16), and 2.31 (95% CI: 1.72–3.12), respectively, compared to the lowest quintile, with a significant trend ( p < 0.0001) in the fully adjusted model.