Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation interventions on cognitive impairment: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials.

J Neuroeng Rehabil · 2025 · PMC11796046 · PMID 39910547

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

The remaining six SRMAs covering six independent associations (global cognition, attention, NPS, language, dropout, and adverse effects) did not reach statistical significance, with evidence quality ranging from very low to moderate.

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may not be significantno p-value reported

This suggests that while rTMS may improve certain cognitive metrics, its effects on NPS may not be significant and should be considered when implementing rTMS interventions.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.