A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study integrating genome-wide association studies, expression quantitative trait locus, and methylation quantitative trait locus data revealed causal relationship between heavy cigarette dependence and Barrett's esophagus.

Although the MR-Egger intercept analysis did not reach statistical significance ( p > 0.05), suggesting no substantial directional pleiotropy, the significant Cochran’s Q test in the reverse analysis indicated heterogeneity among the instrumental variables, raising concerns regarding the validity of the genetic instruments used.

also in 111,027 other papers