Paracrine activity of Smurf1-silenced mesenchymal stem cells enhances bone regeneration and reduces bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The highly significant pro-osteogenic effect we observed in vivo when Smurf1 -silenced MSCs were implanted into an ectopic mouse model compared to the results obtained in vitro would reinforce the key paracrine role of the secretome of MSCs where this gene has been transiently silenced [ 24 , 25 ].

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We found a clear trend towards an increase in the expression of Alkaline phosphatase ( ALPL ), one of the main osteogenic markers, in ASC52telo cells pretreated with the hCM- SMURF1 , although this increase was not significant (Supplementary Fig. 2 ).

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