Comparative study on different endoscopic submucosal dissection techniques for the treatment of superficial esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions.

Notably, the ESD group exhibited higher rates of intraoperative bleeding compared to the ESTD and ESD-C groups; however, the differences in the incidence of these intraoperative complications among the three groups did not reach statistical significance ( P > 0.05, Table 5 ).

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