Losing half the crown hardly affects the stem growth of a xeric southern beech population.

In contrast, percent crown damage had a highly significant ( p < 0.01) negative effect on the BAI trend direction (Fig. 4 D).

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Possible drivers of different growth trends There was only a marginally significant linear relationship of growth trend direction to DBH (smaller trees with more negative BAI trend) and competition intensity (more negative growth trends with higher competition intensity), and no relationship to tree height, minimum age, and mean ring width (RWL) (Fig. 4 ).

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Three main questions guided our study: (1) Do trees affected by partial crown damage experience a long-term, continuous decline in radial growth? (2) Does the growth sensitivity to climatic drivers differ between trees with varying proportions of crown damage? (3) Is there a critical degree of crown damage beyond which growth shifts irreversibly to a negative trend?

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