Impact of Ad Libitum Hydration on Muscle and Liver Damage and Electrolyte Balance in Ultra-Trail Events: A Heatmap Analysis of Biomarkers and Event Characteristics-A Pilot Study.

Statistical analysis shows a trend toward significance between stages 1 and 3 ( p < 0.05, d = −2.31) and a moderate effect size between stages 7 and 9 ( p < 0.05, d = 1.34).

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Non-finishers showed a trend toward higher hematocrit levels, possibly indicating severe DH, though this was not confirmed by other DH markers.

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