These early-life exposures are part of the broader childhood exposome, as highlighted in a 2020 study by van der Sloot et al., which investigated 36 factors and identified prenatal smoking as a significant risk factor for CD (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.38–2.59) and a nominally significant risk factor for UC (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.16–2.23), even after accounting for smoking in later life [ 107 ].
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