An activin receptor-like kinase 1-governed monocytic lineage shapes an immunosuppressive landscape in breast cancer metastases.

As expected, the network of genes correlated with ACVRL1 expression paralleled a similar pattern in the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Breast Invasive Carcinoma cohort ( 24 , 25 ), with a highly significant enrichment for angiogenesis and hypoxia, in keeping with the reported endothelial expression of ALK1 ( Supplemental Table 1 ; supplemental material available online with this article; https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI183086DS1 ).

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In an initial trial modeling a premetastatic setting, treatment with ALK1-Fc only showed a trend toward controlling disease progression, possibly reflecting the more aggressive nature of the 4T1 cell line ( Supplemental Figure 4 , A and B).

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