Genetic mapping of serum metabolome to chronic diseases among Han Chinese.

35 , 36 In addition, the metaboQTL (lead SNP: rs12118651, N = 1,981, p = 3.52 × 10 −15 ) for kynurenic acid was confirmed, while previous studies have reported marginally significant results of this signal in urine (EUR, N = 1,672, p = 3.30 × 10 −5 ), 37 serum (EUR, N = 1,960, p = 4.52 × 10 −6 ), 8 and blood (EUR, N = 86,507, p = 5.41 × 10 −9 ). 38 This novel signal among EAS might be attributable to the specificity of race or the relatively large sample size.

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Widely targeted metabolites robustly associated (nominally significant) with traits using all three MR methods (IVW, MR-RAPS, and GSMR, same direction) and two MR methods (IVW and MR-RAPS, same direction) were defined as tier 1 and tier 2, respectively.

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