Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics and driving factors of forest land in the Da-Xiao Liangshan mountains based on topographic gradient.

During the study period, the forest land area showed a trend of initial decline, followed by an increase, and then another decrease.

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From 1980 to 2020, 12 counties, including Pingshan, Xichang, Yanyuan, Huidong, Ningnan, Puge, Zhaojue, Xide, Mianning, Yuexi, Ganluo, and Leibo, showed an increasing trend in forest land(Fig. 3 b).

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Overall, the azimuth showed a decreasing trend, indicating a shift in the direction of forest land expansion from a “northeast-southwest” orientation towards an “east-west” orientation.

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