Percutaneous auricular neuromodulation (nerve stimulation) for the treatment of pain following total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled pilot study.

Participants who received active treatment had less physical and emotional interference due to pain during both the treatment (postoperative days 2 and 4) and post-treatment (days 6 and 8) phases, although the differences did not reach statistical significance ( figure 3 ).

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