Evaluating the spatial pattern of water quality of the Nile River, Egypt, through multivariate analysis of chemical and biological indicators.

The obtained results were analyzed using the Excel-Stat 2019 software for determination of the spatial and temporal variations by analysis of variance using the one-way ANOVA test (alpha = 0.05) which was also used for determination of the probability values ( P-values ); significance levels of tests were taken as significant when P ≤ 0.05 and highly significant when P ≤ 0.01.

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Haemoglobin levels exhibited a clear trend of decreasing from south to north, with the highest values observed in Aswan (13.05 g/dL) and the lowest in Great Cairo (10.25 g/dL).

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