Epidemiological status, development trends, and risk factors of disability-adjusted life years due to diabetic kidney disease: A systematic analysis of Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

Although the majority of countries and territories across different quintiles showed an increasing trend of ASDR between 1990 and 2021, there are still some countries and regions that experienced a significant decline, such as Ethiopia (–42.1% decrease from 563.3 to 326.0) situated in the low-SDI quintile, Bangladesh (–14.1% decrease from 105.6 to 90.7) in the low-middle-SDI quintile, Maldives (–43.6% decrease from 407.4 to 229.6) in the middle-SDI quintile, Spain (–25.5% decrease from 52.6 to 39.2) in the middle-high-SDI quintile, and Kuwait (48.6% decrease from 152.5 to 78.3) in the high-middle-SDI quintile.

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For DKD-T2DM, nearly three-fourths of countries and regions showed a trend of increasing ASDR.

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Interestingly, the most pronounced effect of positive DALYs change from 1990 to 2021 was presented in high-SDI quintile, while in low-SDI quintile, DALYs for DKD-T1DM and DKD-T2DM presented a decreasing trend over the past years.

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