Comparative Efficacy of Skin-Lightening Formulations in Suppressing Ultraviolet B (UVB)-Induced Arachidonic Acid, Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (α-MSH), and Melanin Expression: An In Vitro Keratinocyte-Melanocyte Co-culture Study.

Cureus · 2025 · PMC11909621 · PMID 40091954

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although numerically lower than the 27.3% reduction observed with 4% HQ - which represents the first-line topical treatment for melasma [ 28 ] - this difference did not reach statistical significance.

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