15 Nevertheless, a significant trend towards a dose‐dependent reduction in hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) and the composite of HHF and HF‐related mortality could be observed. 83 In recent years, efforts have been made to repurpose anti‐inflammatory therapies established in inflammatory diseases for the treatment of HF patients, including colchicine, prednisone, methotrexate, pentoxifylline, thalidomide, and intravenous immuno‐globulin with some encouraging results in small clinical trials (see Table 2 ).
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Gut microbiota-related modulation of immune mechanisms in post-infarction remodelling and heart failure.
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