Phosphate Flame Retardants and Plasticizers and Their Association with Reproductive and Steroid Hormone Levels among Peripubertal-Aged Children: The Hokkaido Birth Cohort Study.

4 , 15 − 17 Recently, the PFR metabolites for BDCIPP and EHPHP levels in Japanese children have exhibited an increasing trend. 15 PFRs are regarded as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. 18 Epidemiological studies have examined the associations between PFRs, steroids, and reproductive hormone levels and have suggested some evidence of alterations in hormone levels ( Table S1 ).

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Three out of four studies showed a trend of decreasing testosterone, whereas one study showed a trend of increasing tridecyl phosphate (TDEP), TCIPP, TBOEP, TPP, and TCP.

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