Uniform and controllable surface nano-structure on polyetheretherketone implants can regulate mechanical property to enhance soft tissue integration through Piezo1/TGF-β1 signaling axis.

By 4 weeks post-implantation, although a noticeable decrease in IL-6 expression was observed in the soft tissues surrounding PEEK-500 implants, this reduction did not reach statistical significance compared to the PEEK group ( P > 0.05).

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