Prevalence and risk factors of high-risk HPV and cervical abnormalities in HIV-positive women in Bali, Indonesia.

BMC Infect Dis · 2025 · PMC11951592 · PMID 40155841

Europe PMC DOI

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showed a trendno p-value reported

Additionally, a history of Pap smear screening showed a trend towards reducing the risk of cervical abnormalities, although it was not statistically significant with a p -value of 0.083.

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marginally significantno p-value reported

The findings indicated that a history of contraception use was marginally significant as a risk factor, with an exponent (B) of 2.189 and a p -value of 0.053, suggesting a potential association with increased risk of HPV infection.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.