Association of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

Although longer SD was associated with a reduced risk of myopia, this effect did not reach statistical significance at any exposure level.Subgroup analyses revealed that protective effects of PA were more evident in low- and middle-income countries, smaller sample sizes, and cross-sectional studies, while increased risks related to ST and NW were stronger in low-income settings.

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In the continuous dose–response meta-analysis, which included 3 cross-sectional studies [ 51 , 54 , 57 ], a highly significant linear association between ST and the incidence or prevalence of myopia was found (P linearity = 0.000; P non-linearity = 0.4509) (Fig. 4 ).

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