Burden, trends, projections, and spatial patterns of lip and oral cavity cancer in Iran: a time-series analysis from 1990 to 2040.

Accordingly, a province was colored green if AAPC > 0 (indicating an increasing trend), whereas a province was colored red if AAPC ≤ 0 (indicating a stable or decreasing trend).

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In some provinces such as Tehran, where the AAPC in these criteria for LOCC has shown a negative trend, factors such as better healthcare infrastructure, increased public awareness, and effective cancer prevention and control programs could lead to earlier detection, more effective treatment, and reduced exposure to risk factors.

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Similarly, males displayed increasing ASDR in most provinces, with exceptions in Markazi, Semnan, Tehran, Yazd, and Kerman, where a decreasing trend was observed.

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