Efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors as first-line treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Front Immunol · 2025 · PMC11979238 · PMID 40207226

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a slight trendno p-value reported

Male patients showed a slight trend toward better OS improvement with combination therapy compared to female patients ( I 2 = 0%, HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.60-0.74, versus I 2 = 47%, HR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.54-0.97, P =0.59).

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showed a trendno p-value reported

Smokers showed a trend toward greater OS benefit from combination therapy compared to non-smokers ( I 2 = 0%, HR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.61-0.78, versus I 2 = 0%, HR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.59-0.91, P =0.66).

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