Enabling adenosine signaling to promote aged fracture healing.

Examination of vascularization in the fracture calluses using immunofluorescent staining showed significantly increased endomucin-positive staining in adenosine-treated group at 28 days compared to control, while the 7- and 14-day time points showed a trend of increasing staining in the adenosine-treated group (Fig. 4g ; Supplementary Fig. 11 ). scRNA-Seq analysis of cells in post-fractured callus To examine the effect of adenosine on cell populations contributing to the early pro-regenerative environment within the fracture callus, we performed scRNA-seq analysis on bone marrow cells from the callus.

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Igf1 expression demonstrated an increasing trend in the adenosine-treated group compared to the control, albeit not significant (Fig. 4c ).

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Other parameters, such as bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume ratio (BV/TV), showed a positive trend, but no statistical significance (Supplementary Fig. 10a–c ).

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