The effect of low-carbohydrate diets, based on changes in intake of dietary saturated fats on circulating TNF-α and interleukin- 6 levels in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Besides, a marginally significant effect was revealed for IL- 6 when trials had good (WMD: − 0.59 pg/mL; 95% CI: − 1.22 to 0.03; P = 0.062) and fair methodological quality (WMD: − 0.14 pg/mL; 95% CI: − 0.29 to 0.01; P = 0.060).

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Additionally, the outcomes showed that the degree of agreement between investigators for data collection as well as for quality assessment was appropriate (Kappa = 0.813). Meta-analysis results Pooled analysis by random effects meta-analysis comparing LCD versus control diet failed to reach statistical significance for TNF-α (WMD: − 0.02 pg/mL; 95% CI: − 0.08 to − 0.03; P = 0.449; n = 1420 NutriGrade = moderate certainty), with evidence of low heterogeneity (Cochrane’s Q test, P = 0.396, I 2 = 4.6%; 95% CI: 0.0 to 41.3) (Table 4 ) (see Fig.

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