Pelvic floor muscle activation amplitude at rest, during voluntary contraction, and during Valsalva maneuver-a comparison between those with and without provoked vestibulodynia.

found that tonic activation of the bulbocavernosus muscle was significantly higher among those with PVD compared to controls, while tonic activation of the pubovisceralis muscle did not reach statistical significance. 20 Using needle electrodes, Frasson 21 reported greater tonic EMG activity in the external anal sphincter, and paradoxical activation of the external anal sphincter during straining among those with compared to those without PVD, but did not evaluate the deep layer of the PFMs.

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