Self-rated health differences between exclusive e-cigarette users and exclusive cigarette smokers: evidence from the 2017-2019 Scottish Health Survey.

Intern Emerg Med · 2025 · PMC12009220 · PMID 39888483

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marginally significantno p-value reported

However, moderate smoking is marginally significant.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

While ethnicity did not reach statistical significance in the bivariate analysis, it was included in the final adjusted model due to its theoretical relevance and potential to confound the relationship between the primary exposures and the outcome.

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