X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Dilute Metalloenzymes at X-ray Free-Electron Lasers in a Shot-by-Shot Mode.

The background-suppressed spectrum was collected in ∼10.5 min using ∼190 μL of PS II solution compared to ∼2 h with the conventional setup using ∼2.8 mL of sample, and its standard deviation above the edge is improved by a factor of ∼2.5. The improved S/N ratio with this method is quite significant: data collection using the conventional method would require ∼12 h to achieve comparable S/N as that obtained in a 10.5 min scan using the method described here, with a corresponding increase in the sample required.

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